✨ Pooling layers

examples/convolution.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #![feature(generic_const_exprs)]
 
 use neuramethyst::algebra::NeuraVector;
+use neuramethyst::derivable::reduce::Average;
 use rust_mnist::Mnist;
 
 use neuramethyst::derivable::activation::{Linear, Relu};
@@ -53,13 +54,18 @@ fn main() {
     let test_inputs: Vec<_> = test_images.zip(test_labels.into_iter()).collect();
 
     let mut network = neura_sequential![
-        neura_layer!("unstable_reshape", 28, 28),
-        neura_layer!("conv1d_pad", 3; neura_layer!("dense", {28 * 3}, 10; Relu)),
-        neura_layer!("unstable_flatten"),
+        neura_layer!("unstable_reshape", 1, { 28 * 28 }),
+        neura_layer!("conv2d_pad", 1, {28 * 28}; 28, 3; neura_layer!("dense", {1 * 3 * 3}, 10; Relu)),
+        // neura_layer!("conv2d_pad", 28, 1; neura_layer!("dense", {30 * 1 * 1}, 10; Relu)),
+
+        // neura_layer!("pool_global", 10, {28 * 28}; Average),
+        // neura_layer!("pool1d", 10, 28, 28; Average),
+        // neura_layer!("unstable_flatten", 10, 28),
+        neura_layer!("unstable_flatten", 10, { 28 * 28 }),
         // neura_layer!("dense", 100; Relu),
         // neura_layer!("dropout", 0.5),
-        neura_layer!("dense", 30; Relu),
-        neura_layer!("dropout", 0.5),
+        // neura_layer!("dense", 30; Relu),
+        // neura_layer!("dropout", 0.5),
         neura_layer!("dense", 10; Linear),
         neura_layer!("softmax")
     ];

src/algebra/matrix.rs

@@ -49,6 +49,52 @@ impl<const WIDTH: usize, const HEIGHT: usize, F> NeuraMatrix<WIDTH, HEIGHT, F> {
             self.data[y][j] = row[j].clone();
         }
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_column(&mut self, x: usize, column: impl Borrow<[F; HEIGHT]>)
+    where
+        F: Clone,
+    {
+        if x >= WIDTH {
+            panic!(
+                "Cannot set column {} of NeuraMatrix<{}, {}, _>: column index out of bound",
+                x, WIDTH, HEIGHT
+            );
+        }
+
+        let column = column.borrow();
+        for i in 0..HEIGHT {
+            self.data[i][x] = column[i].clone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_row(&self, y: usize) -> NeuraVector<WIDTH, F>
+    where
+        F: Default + Clone,
+    {
+        let mut row = NeuraVector::default();
+
+        for j in 0..WIDTH {
+            row[j] = self.data[y][j].clone();
+        }
+
+        row
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_column(&self, x: usize) -> NeuraVector<HEIGHT, F>
+    where
+        F: Default + Clone,
+    {
+        let mut row = NeuraVector::default();
+
+        for i in 0..HEIGHT {
+            row[i] = self.data[i][x].clone();
+        }
+
+        row
+    }
 }
 
 impl<const WIDTH: usize, const HEIGHT: usize, F: Float> NeuraMatrix<WIDTH, HEIGHT, F> {
@@ -102,22 +148,21 @@ impl<const LENGTH: usize, F: Default + Clone> NeuraMatrix<LENGTH, LENGTH, F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<const WIDTH: usize, const HEIGHT: usize, F: Float + From<f64> + Into<f64>> NeuraVectorSpace
+impl<const WIDTH: usize, const HEIGHT: usize, F: NeuraVectorSpace + Clone> NeuraVectorSpace
     for NeuraMatrix<WIDTH, HEIGHT, F>
 {
     fn add_assign(&mut self, other: &Self) {
         for i in 0..HEIGHT {
             for j in 0..WIDTH {
-                self.data[i][j] = self.data[i][j] + other.data[i][j];
+                self.data[i][j].add_assign(&other.data[i][j]);
             }
         }
     }
 
     fn mul_assign(&mut self, by: f64) {
-        let by: F = by.into();
         for i in 0..HEIGHT {
             for j in 0..WIDTH {
-                self.data[i][j] = self.data[i][j] * by;
+                self.data[i][j].mul_assign(by);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -128,16 +173,15 @@ impl<const WIDTH: usize, const HEIGHT: usize, F: Float + From<f64> + Into<f64>>
     }
 
     fn norm_squared(&self) -> f64 {
-        let mut sum = F::zero();
+        let mut sum = 0.0;
 
         for i in 0..HEIGHT {
             for j in 0..WIDTH {
-                let x = self.data[i][j];
-                sum = sum + x * x;
+                sum += self.data[i][j].norm_squared();
             }
         }
 
-        sum.into()
+        sum
     }
 }
 

src/algebra/vector.rs

@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ impl<const LENGTH: usize, F: Float> NeuraVector<LENGTH, F> {
         result
     }
 
-    pub fn hadamard_product(&self, other: impl AsRef<[F; LENGTH]>) -> NeuraVector<LENGTH, F> {
+    pub fn hadamard_product(&self, other: impl Borrow<[F; LENGTH]>) -> NeuraVector<LENGTH, F> {
         let mut result: NeuraVector<LENGTH, F> = NeuraVector::from_value(F::zero());
-        let other = other.as_ref();
+        let other = other.borrow();
 
         for i in 0..LENGTH {
             result[i] = self.data[i] * other[i];

src/derivable/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+use crate::algebra::NeuraVector;
+
 pub mod activation;
 pub mod loss;
+pub mod reduce;
 pub mod regularize;
 
 pub trait NeuraDerivable<F> {
@@ -31,3 +34,10 @@ pub trait NeuraLoss {
     /// ($\nabla_{\texttt{actual}} \texttt{self.eval}(\texttt{target}, \texttt{actual})$).
     fn nabla(&self, target: &Self::Target, actual: &Self::Input) -> Self::Input;
 }
+
+pub trait NeuraReducer<F> {
+    fn eval<const LENGTH: usize>(&self, inputs: NeuraVector<LENGTH, F>) -> F;
+
+    /// Should return the gradient of the reducer at `inputs`, ie. `[∂eval(inputs)/∂inputsᵢ]ᵢ`
+    fn nabla<const LENGTH: usize>(&self, inputs: NeuraVector<LENGTH, F>) -> NeuraVector<LENGTH, F>;
+}

src/derivable/reduce.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Average;
+
+impl NeuraReducer<f64> for Average {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn eval<const LENGTH: usize>(&self, inputs: NeuraVector<LENGTH, f64>) -> f64 {
+        let sum: f64 = inputs.iter().sum();
+        sum / inputs.len() as f64
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn nabla<const LENGTH: usize>(
+        &self,
+        inputs: NeuraVector<LENGTH, f64>,
+    ) -> NeuraVector<LENGTH, f64> {
+        NeuraVector::from_value(1.0 / inputs.len() as f64)
+    }
+}

src/layer/convolution.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+
 use crate::algebra::{NeuraMatrix, NeuraVector};
 
 use super::*;
 
-/// A 1-dimensional convolutional
+/// A 1-dimensional convolutional layer, which operates on rows of the input,
+/// and pads them with `self.pad_with`
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct NeuraConv1DPad<
+pub struct NeuraConv1DPadLayer<
     const LENGTH: usize,
     const IN_FEATS: usize,
     const WINDOW: usize,
     Layer: NeuraLayer<Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW }, f64>>,
 > {
-    inner_layer: Layer,
-    pad_with: NeuraVector<IN_FEATS, f64>,
+    pub inner_layer: Layer,
+    pub pad_with: NeuraVector<IN_FEATS, f64>,
 }
 
 impl<
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ impl<
         const IN_FEATS: usize,
         const WINDOW: usize,
         Layer: NeuraLayer<Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW }, f64>>,
-    > NeuraConv1DPad<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
+    > NeuraConv1DPadLayer<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
 where
     [u8; IN_FEATS * WINDOW]: Sized,
 {
@@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ impl<
             Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW }, f64>,
             Output = NeuraVector<OUT_FEATS, f64>,
         >,
-    > NeuraLayer for NeuraConv1DPad<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
+    > NeuraLayer for NeuraConv1DPadLayer<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
 {
     type Input = NeuraMatrix<IN_FEATS, LENGTH, f64>;
     type Output = NeuraMatrix<OUT_FEATS, LENGTH, f64>;
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@ impl<
             Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW }, f64>,
             Output = NeuraVector<OUT_FEATS, f64>,
         >,
-    > NeuraTrainableLayer for NeuraConv1DPad<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
+    > NeuraTrainableLayer for NeuraConv1DPadLayer<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
 where
     Layer: NeuraTrainableLayer,
 {
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ where
                 let input_index = input_index as usize;
 
                 for j in 0..IN_FEATS {
-                    next_epsilon[input_index][j] += layer_next_epsilon[i * WINDOW + j];
+                    next_epsilon[input_index][j] += layer_next_epsilon[i * IN_FEATS + j];
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -135,4 +139,202 @@ where
     fn apply_gradient(&mut self, gradient: &Self::Delta) {
         self.inner_layer.apply_gradient(gradient);
     }
+
+    fn prepare_epoch(&mut self) {
+        self.inner_layer.prepare_epoch();
+    }
+
+    fn cleanup(&mut self) {
+        self.inner_layer.cleanup();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Applies and trains a 2d convolution on an image, which has been laid out flat
+/// (instead of being a `(width, height, features)` tensor, it should be a `(width * height, features)` matrix).
+///
+/// The `width` value must be given to the layer, to allow it to interpret the input as a 2D image.
+/// This function asserts that `width` divides `LENGTH`.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct NeuraConv2DPadLayer<
+    const LENGTH: usize,
+    const IN_FEATS: usize,
+    const WINDOW: usize,
+    Layer: NeuraLayer<Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW * WINDOW }, f64>>,
+> {
+    pub inner_layer: Layer,
+    pub pad_with: NeuraVector<IN_FEATS, f64>,
+    /// The width of the image, in grid units.
+    ///
+    /// **Class invariant:** `LAYER % width == 0`, `width > 0`
+    pub width: NonZeroUsize,
+}
+
+impl<
+        const LENGTH: usize,
+        const IN_FEATS: usize,
+        const WINDOW: usize,
+        Layer: NeuraLayer<Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW * WINDOW }, f64>>,
+    > NeuraConv2DPadLayer<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
+{
+    pub fn new(inner_layer: Layer, pad_with: NeuraVector<IN_FEATS, f64>, width: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(
+            LENGTH % width == 0,
+            "width ({}) does not divide LENGTH ({})",
+            width,
+            LENGTH
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            inner_layer,
+            pad_with,
+            width: width.try_into().expect("width cannot be zero!"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iterates within the `(WINDOW, WINDOW)` window centered around `x, y`;
+    /// Returns a 4-uple `(x' = x + δx, y' = y + δy, δy * WINDOW + δ, y' * width + x')`, with the last element
+    /// being set to `None` if `x'` or `y'` are out of bound.
+    fn iterate_within_window<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        x: usize,
+        y: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (isize, isize, usize, Option<usize>)> + 'a {
+        let window_offset = (WINDOW as isize - 1) / 2;
+        let width = self.width.get() as isize;
+        let height = LENGTH as isize / width;
+
+        (0..WINDOW).flat_map(move |dy| {
+            let window_index = dy * WINDOW;
+            let dy = dy as isize - window_offset;
+            (0..WINDOW).map(move |dx| {
+                let window_index = window_index + dx;
+                let dx = dx as isize - window_offset;
+
+                let x = x as isize + dx;
+                let y = y as isize + dy;
+
+                if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= width || y >= height {
+                    (x, y, window_index, None)
+                } else {
+                    (x, y, window_index, Some((y * width + x) as usize))
+                }
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn iterate_windows<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        input: &'a NeuraMatrix<IN_FEATS, LENGTH, f64>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, usize, Layer::Input)> + 'a {
+        (0..self.width.into()).flat_map(move |x| {
+            (0..(LENGTH / self.width)).map(move |y| {
+                // TODO: hint the compiler that x * y < LENGTH and LENGTH % width == 0?
+                let mut virtual_input: Layer::Input = NeuraVector::default();
+
+                for (_, _, window_index, input_index) in self.iterate_within_window(x, y) {
+                    if let Some(input_index) = input_index {
+                        let input_row: &[f64; IN_FEATS] = &input[input_index];
+                        for j in 0..IN_FEATS {
+                            virtual_input[window_index * IN_FEATS + j] = input_row[j];
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for j in 0..IN_FEATS {
+                            virtual_input[window_index * IN_FEATS + j] = self.pad_with[j];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                (x, y, virtual_input)
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<
+        const LENGTH: usize,
+        const IN_FEATS: usize,
+        const OUT_FEATS: usize,
+        const WINDOW: usize,
+        Layer: NeuraLayer<
+            Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW * WINDOW }, f64>,
+            Output = NeuraVector<OUT_FEATS, f64>,
+        >,
+    > NeuraLayer for NeuraConv2DPadLayer<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
+{
+    type Input = NeuraMatrix<IN_FEATS, LENGTH, f64>;
+    type Output = NeuraMatrix<OUT_FEATS, LENGTH, f64>;
+
+    fn eval(&self, input: &Self::Input) -> Self::Output {
+        let mut res = NeuraMatrix::default();
+
+        for (cx, cy, virtual_input) in self.iterate_windows(input) {
+            res.set_row(
+                cy * self.width.get() + cx,
+                self.inner_layer.eval(&virtual_input),
+            );
+        }
+
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+impl<
+        const LENGTH: usize,
+        const IN_FEATS: usize,
+        const OUT_FEATS: usize,
+        const WINDOW: usize,
+        Layer: NeuraLayer<
+            Input = NeuraVector<{ IN_FEATS * WINDOW * WINDOW }, f64>,
+            Output = NeuraVector<OUT_FEATS, f64>,
+        >,
+    > NeuraTrainableLayer for NeuraConv2DPadLayer<LENGTH, IN_FEATS, WINDOW, Layer>
+where
+    Layer: NeuraTrainableLayer,
+{
+    type Delta = <Layer as NeuraTrainableLayer>::Delta;
+
+    fn backpropagate(
+        &self,
+        input: &Self::Input,
+        epsilon: Self::Output,
+    ) -> (Self::Input, Self::Delta) {
+        let mut next_epsilon = Self::Input::default();
+        let mut weights_gradient_sum = Self::Delta::zero();
+
+        for (cx, cy, virtual_input) in self.iterate_windows(input) {
+            let epsilon = NeuraVector::from(&epsilon[cy * self.width.get() + cx]);
+
+            let (layer_next_epsilon, weights_gradient) =
+                self.inner_layer.backpropagate(&virtual_input, epsilon);
+            weights_gradient_sum.add_assign(&weights_gradient);
+
+            for (_, _, window_index, input_index) in self.iterate_within_window(cx, cy) {
+                if let Some(input_index) = input_index {
+                    for j in 0..IN_FEATS {
+                        next_epsilon[input_index][j] +=
+                            layer_next_epsilon[window_index * IN_FEATS + j];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        (next_epsilon, weights_gradient_sum)
+    }
+
+    fn regularize(&self) -> Self::Delta {
+        self.inner_layer.regularize()
+    }
+
+    fn apply_gradient(&mut self, gradient: &Self::Delta) {
+        self.inner_layer.apply_gradient(gradient);
+    }
+
+    fn prepare_epoch(&mut self) {
+        self.inner_layer.prepare_epoch();
+    }
+
+    fn cleanup(&mut self) {
+        self.inner_layer.cleanup();
+    }
 }

src/layer/mod.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ mod dense;
 pub use dense::NeuraDenseLayer;
 
 mod convolution;
-pub use convolution::NeuraConv1DPad;
+pub use convolution::{NeuraConv1DPadLayer, NeuraConv2DPadLayer};
 
 mod dropout;
 pub use dropout::NeuraDropoutLayer;
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ pub use one_hot::NeuraOneHotLayer;
 mod lock;
 pub use lock::NeuraLockLayer;
 
+mod pool;
+pub use pool::{NeuraGlobalPoolLayer, NeuraPool1DLayer};
+
 mod reshape;
 pub use reshape::{NeuraFlattenLayer, NeuraReshapeLayer};
 
@@ -105,12 +108,40 @@ macro_rules! neura_layer {
         $crate::layer::NeuraLockLayer($layer)
     };
 
-    ( "conv1d_pad", $length:expr, $feats:expr, $window:expr; $layer:expr ) => {
-        $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPad::new($layer, Default::default()) as $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPad<$length, $feats, $window, _>
+    ( "conv1d_pad", $length:expr, $feats:expr; $window:expr; $layer:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPadLayer::new($layer, Default::default()) as $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPadLayer<$length, $feats, $window, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "conv1d_pad"; $window:expr; $layer:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPadLayer::new($layer, Default::default()) as $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPadLayer<_, _, $window, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "conv2d_pad", $feats:expr, $length:expr; $width:expr, $window:expr; $layer:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraConv2DPadLayer::new($layer, Default::default(), $width) as $crate::layer::NeuraConv2DPadLayer<$length, $feats, $window, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "conv2d_pad"; $width:expr, $window:expr; $layer:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraConv2DPadLayer::new($layer, Default::default(), $width) as $crate::layer::NeuraConv2DPadLayer<_, _, $window, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "pool_global"; $reduce:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraGlobalPoolLayer::new($reduce) as $crate::layer::NeuraGlobalPoolLayer<_, _, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "pool_global", $feats:expr, $length:expr; $reduce:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraGlobalPoolLayer::new($reduce) as $crate::layer::NeuraGlobalPoolLayer<$length, $feats, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "pool1d", $blocklength:expr; $reduce:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraPool1DLayer::new($reduce) as $crate::layer::NeuraPool1DLayer<_, $blocklength, _, _>
+    };
+
+    ( "pool1d", $blocks:expr, $blocklength:expr; $reduce:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraPool1DLayer::new($reduce) as $crate::layer::NeuraPool1DLayer<$blocks, $blocklength, _, _>
     };
 
-    ( "conv1d_pad", $window:expr; $layer:expr ) => {
-        $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPad::new($layer, Default::default()) as $crate::layer::NeuraConv1DPad<_, _, $window, _>
+    ( "pool1d", $feats:expr, $blocks:expr, $blocklength:expr; $reduce:expr ) => {
+        $crate::layer::NeuraPool1DLayer::new($reduce) as $crate::layer::NeuraPool1DLayer<$blocks, $blocklength, $feats, _>
     };
 
     ( "unstable_flatten" ) => {

src/layer/pool.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+use crate::{
+    algebra::{NeuraMatrix, NeuraVector},
+    derivable::NeuraReducer,
+};
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub struct NeuraGlobalPoolLayer<const LENGTH: usize, const FEATS: usize, Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>>
+{
+    reducer: Reducer,
+}
+
+impl<const LENGTH: usize, const FEATS: usize, Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>>
+    NeuraGlobalPoolLayer<LENGTH, FEATS, Reducer>
+{
+    pub fn new(reducer: Reducer) -> Self {
+        Self { reducer }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const LENGTH: usize, const FEATS: usize, Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>> NeuraLayer
+    for NeuraGlobalPoolLayer<LENGTH, FEATS, Reducer>
+{
+    type Input = NeuraMatrix<FEATS, LENGTH, f64>;
+
+    type Output = NeuraVector<FEATS, f64>;
+
+    fn eval(&self, input: &Self::Input) -> Self::Output {
+        let mut res = Self::Output::default();
+
+        for j in 0..FEATS {
+            let input = input.get_column(j);
+            res[j] = self.reducer.eval(input);
+        }
+
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const LENGTH: usize, const FEATS: usize, Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>> NeuraTrainableLayer
+    for NeuraGlobalPoolLayer<LENGTH, FEATS, Reducer>
+{
+    type Delta = ();
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn backpropagate(
+        &self,
+        input: &Self::Input,
+        epsilon: Self::Output,
+    ) -> (Self::Input, Self::Delta) {
+        let mut next_epsilon = Self::Input::default();
+
+        for j in 0..FEATS {
+            let input = input.get_column(j);
+            let mut gradient = self.reducer.nabla(input);
+            gradient.mul_assign(epsilon[j]);
+            next_epsilon.set_column(j, gradient);
+        }
+
+        (next_epsilon, ())
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn regularize(&self) -> Self::Delta {
+        ()
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn apply_gradient(&mut self, _gradient: &Self::Delta) {
+        // Noop
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct NeuraPool1DLayer<
+    const BLOCKS: usize,
+    const BLOCK_LENGTH: usize,
+    const FEATS: usize,
+    Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>,
+> {
+    reducer: Reducer,
+}
+
+impl<
+        const BLOCKS: usize,
+        const BLOCK_LENGTH: usize,
+        const FEATS: usize,
+        Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>,
+    > NeuraPool1DLayer<BLOCKS, BLOCK_LENGTH, FEATS, Reducer>
+{
+    pub fn new(reducer: Reducer) -> Self {
+        Self { reducer }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<
+        const BLOCKS: usize,
+        const BLOCK_LENGTH: usize,
+        const FEATS: usize,
+        Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>,
+    > NeuraLayer for NeuraPool1DLayer<BLOCKS, BLOCK_LENGTH, FEATS, Reducer>
+where
+    [f64; BLOCKS * BLOCK_LENGTH]: Sized,
+{
+    type Input = NeuraMatrix<FEATS, { BLOCKS * BLOCK_LENGTH }, f64>;
+    type Output = NeuraMatrix<FEATS, BLOCKS, f64>;
+
+    fn eval(&self, input: &Self::Input) -> Self::Output {
+        let mut result = NeuraMatrix::default();
+
+        for j in 0..FEATS {
+            let input = input.get_column(j);
+            for block in 0..BLOCKS {
+                let mut block_input: NeuraVector<BLOCK_LENGTH, f64> = NeuraVector::default();
+                for k in 0..BLOCK_LENGTH {
+                    block_input[k] = input[block * BLOCK_LENGTH + k];
+                }
+                result[block][j] = self.reducer.eval(block_input);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+impl<
+        const BLOCKS: usize,
+        const BLOCK_LENGTH: usize,
+        const FEATS: usize,
+        Reducer: NeuraReducer<f64>,
+    > NeuraTrainableLayer for NeuraPool1DLayer<BLOCKS, BLOCK_LENGTH, FEATS, Reducer>
+where
+    [f64; BLOCKS * BLOCK_LENGTH]: Sized,
+{
+    type Delta = ();
+
+    fn backpropagate(
+        &self,
+        input: &Self::Input,
+        epsilon: Self::Output,
+    ) -> (Self::Input, Self::Delta) {
+        let mut next_epsilon = Self::Input::default();
+
+        for j in 0..FEATS {
+            let input = input.get_column(j);
+            let mut column_gradient = NeuraVector::default();
+
+            for block in 0..BLOCKS {
+                let mut block_input: NeuraVector<BLOCK_LENGTH, f64> = NeuraVector::default();
+                for k in 0..BLOCK_LENGTH {
+                    block_input[k] = input[block * BLOCK_LENGTH + k];
+                }
+
+                let mut gradient = self.reducer.nabla(block_input);
+
+                for k in 0..BLOCK_LENGTH {
+                    column_gradient[block * BLOCK_LENGTH + k] = gradient[k] * epsilon[block][j];
+                }
+            }
+
+            next_epsilon.set_column(j, column_gradient);
+        }
+
+        (next_epsilon, ())
+    }
+
+    fn regularize(&self) -> Self::Delta {
+        ()
+    }
+
+    fn apply_gradient(&mut self, _gradient: &Self::Delta) {
+        // Noop
+    }
+}